Tap any failure mode → flip to its on-site guidance (pure-CSS, no JS needed on mobile)
Pipingpiping
⚠ ⚠ Top risk: 水击（Water Hammer） · RPN 168 (High) — watch this one first at the equipment
Risk Board (all 16 · by RPN · top 6 highlighted urgent)
Shield: Safety = people/environment　Production = production only
Technical mechanism/mitigation body in Chinese (red line: no fabricated MT; EN UI labels translated)
16Failure Modes
14High/Critical
10Standards
7Real Accidents
Tap any failure mode to flip to its on-site guidance
Device-level standard/accident index (10 standards / 7 accidents)
Standards (10 de-duplicated)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
  • API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 — Fitness-For-Service
  • API RP 583
Accident Lessons (7 de-duplicated)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012 ↗
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
2017-01-I-KScsb2016 ↗
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021 ↗
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014 ↗
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012 ↗
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013 ↗
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
NUREG-LER-2011-003-BRUNSWICKNRC2011 ↗
R.E. Ginna Nuclear Plant: Turbine Lube-oil Piping Fatigue Rupture Causing Reactor Trip
FM Traceability Cards (16)
Generated by Reliability AI
水击（Water Hammer）RPN 168 · High
Failure Mechanism
阀门速关/泵启停；液柱分离；高点积气
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every6months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
RTFDesign Modification / Inspection Task
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
机械损伤/第三方破坏（Mechanical Damage）RPN 147 · High
Failure Mechanism
施工误碰/挖掘；支撑失效；异常载荷；外力撞击
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every12months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
RTFDesign Modification / Inspection Task
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (9)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
  • API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 — Fitness-For-Service
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
应力腐蚀开裂 SCC（Stress Corrosion Cracking）RPN 140 · High
Failure Mechanism
Cl-/H2S/碱环境；拉应力（残余+工作）；敏感材料（奥氏体不锈钢）
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every12months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
RTFDesign Modification / Inspection Task
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
氢致开裂 HIC（Hydrogen-Induced Cracking）RPN 140 · High
Failure Mechanism
湿 H2S 环境氢原子渗入；钢中夹杂物/分层；硬度偏高
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every12months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
PMScheduled (Proactive) Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (9)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
  • API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 — Fitness-For-Service
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
焊缝缺陷/未熔合（Weld Defect）RPN 140 · High
Failure Mechanism
焊接质量不达标；未熔合/未焊透/夹渣；返修不当
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every12months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
脆性断裂（Brittle Fracture）RPN 120 · Critical
Failure Mechanism
低温服役（低于无延性转变温度 NDT）；冲击载荷；韧性不足
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every12months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
RTFDesign Modification / Inspection Task
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (9)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
  • API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 — Fitness-For-Service
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
内腐蚀（Internal Corrosion）RPN 105 · High
Failure Mechanism
介质含腐蚀性组分（CO2/H2S/有机酸）；流速过低致沉积；内防腐层失效
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
RTFDesign Modification / Inspection Task
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
外腐蚀（External Corrosion）RPN 105 · High
Failure Mechanism
大气/土壤腐蚀环境；外防腐层破损；阴极保护失效或不足
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
热疲劳（Thermal Fatigue）RPN 96 · High
Failure Mechanism
周期温度波动；热膨胀受限；反复启停/旁路切换
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
振动疲劳（Vibration Fatigue）RPN 96 · High
Failure Mechanism
两相流/汽蚀；流体激振；支撑间距过大；脉动与共振
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 定期振动监测
  • 支撑间距与固有频率校核
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (7)
NUREG-LER-2011-003-BRUNSWICKNRC2011Operational
R.E. Ginna Nuclear Plant: Turbine Lube-oil Piping Fatigue Rupture Causing Reactor Trip
Root cause: High stress from original construction piping + substandard weld quality + cyclic fatigue; inadequate maintenance and inspection.
Official source ↗
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
高温蠕变（High-Temperature Creep）RPN 96 · High
Failure Mechanism
长期高于蠕变温度服役；珠光体球化/石墨化；管壁减薄
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (9)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
  • API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 — Fitness-For-Service
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
法兰-垫片密封泄漏（Flange/Gasket Leak）RPN 90 · High
Failure Mechanism
螺栓预紧不均；垫片老化/选型错；法兰面损伤；热循环松弛
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 定期法兰螺栓紧固状态检查
  • 热紧固（升温后复紧）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
保温层下腐蚀 CUI（Corrosion Under Insulation）RPN 72 · High
Failure Mechanism
保温层进水/吸湿；外护板破损；温度在露点以下反复循环
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每年按 CUI 风险拆保温检查
  • 建立 CUI 高危区台账
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (9)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
  • API RP 583
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
冲蚀-冲刷腐蚀（Erosion-Corrosion）RPN 72 · High
Failure Mechanism
高流速/含固介质；弯头、三通、收缩段湍流；流向突变
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Re-inspect ≤every24months
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
死角/滞留区腐蚀（Dead-Leg Corrosion）RPN 60 · Medium
Failure Mechanism
盲管/死区介质滞留；沉积物下腐蚀；长期未排空
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Interval by RBI
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗
堵塞/沉积（Blockage/Deposit）RPN 60 · Medium
Failure Mechanism
聚合物/焦粉沉积；冻结；异物；低流速沉积
How to Detect
Inspection/offline · Detection rate 55% ；Interval by RBI
Mitigation (What to Do)
  • 每月腐蚀/振动监测
  • 每2年超声波壁厚抽检（高风险段加密）
RCM Strategy
CBMOn-Condition Maintenance
Interval: High risk 1-3 mo / Medium 6-12 mo / Low risk at turnaround (by API 581 RBI risk ranking)
Engineering-inferred (not measured history); confirm with equipment owner before execution
Standards (8)
  • API 570 — Piping Inspection Code
  • API 574
  • API 571 — Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry
  • API 581 — Risk-Based Inspection Methodology
  • ISO 14224:2016 — Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment
  • API 580 — Risk-Based Inspection
  • GB/T 20801
  • GB/T 44692
Lessons Learned (6)
2012-03-I-CAcsb2012Safety/Environmental
Chevron Richmond Refinery Piping Leak and Fire
Root cause: High-temperature sulfidation corrosion rate underestimated + insufficient wall-thickness monitoring.
Official source ↗
2017-01-I-KScsb2016Injuries 120 · Safety/Environmental
MGPI Processing 卸料误混致毒释（Atchison）
Root cause: 卸料转接设计缺陷+管道标识不清+人工误操作（Harcros 槽车误接 MGPI 不相容储罐）
Official source ↗
2021-07-I-TXcsb2021Fatalities 2 · Injuries 2 · Toxic/Safety
LyondellBasell La Porte 醋酸装置柱塞阀压力保持件误拆致命泄漏
Root cause: 阀门设计未防人误拆（同类事故重复发生）；无拆卸程序与培训；承包商与公司均未识别风险
Official source ↗
2014-11-I-TXcsb2014Fatalities 4 · Toxic/Safety
DuPont La Porte 甲硫醇经两阀泄漏致命中毒
Root cause: 有缺陷的工程设计+缺乏充分防护；管道堵塞排查作业风险识别不足；应急响应混乱
Official source ↗
NEWS-2012-12-AXIALNEWS2012Injuries 1 · Fire
Axiall Westlake PHH Unit Quench Tower Area Piping Rupture, Leak and Fire (Dec 2012)
Root cause: Multiple piping modifications with incomplete MOC; accelerated corrosion rate not recognized; inspection requirements not updated; engineered clamp repair applicability not evaluated.
Official source ↗
NUREG-PNO-2013-006NUREG2013Operational
Davis-Besse 反应堆冷却剂泵电气故障跳闸并发现反应堆压力边界泄漏
Root cause: RCP 电气故障；¾ 英寸管道焊接/材料相关反应堆压力边界泄漏
Official source ↗